8/17/2023 0 Comments Making gradients in gimp 2.8.22![]() Soil prokaryotes contribute to key ecosystem processes involved in carbon and nutrient cycling and they are vital for plants and higher trophic levels of the terrestrial food web 8– 11. Cd and Pb) and the initial high alkalinity of wood ash may however cause adverse ecosystem effects that outweigh positive effects 4, 6, 7. ![]() The relatively high concentration of harmful heavy metals (e.g. Hence, increased application of wood ash in plantations improve the sustainability of using biomass in heating- and power plants. This is especially important in intensively managed silvicultural systems where continuous removal of wood for biofuel is particularly likely to cause soil acidification and nutrient loss 5. Wood ash can when applied to soil, counteract soil acidification and return valuable plant nutrients removed by harvest 2– 4. The urge to limit the use of fossil fuels has led to an increased use of biomass, especially wood, for heat and energy production 1 hence, increased application of wood ash in plantations may improve the sustainability of using biomass in heating- and power plants 1. Consequently, by micro-vertical profiling we showed that wood ash causes a steep gradient of abiotic factors driving biotic changes but only in the top-most soil layers. The effect of wood ash were negligible both in terms of pH- and biological changes in lower soil layers. The relative abundance of prokaryotic groups directionally changed, suggesting that wood ash favors copiotrophic prokaryotes at the expense of oligotrophic and acidophilic taxa. Also, the largest increases in pH and concentrations of exchangeable cations was found here. Wood ash significantly changed the prokaryotic community in the top of the soil column. Soil pH, exchangeable cations and 16S prokaryotic community was subsequently assessed at small depth intervals to 5 cm depth at regular intervals for one year. A mixed fly and bottom ash was applied in dosages of 3 and 9 t ha −1 to the surface of soil mesocosms, simulating a typical coniferous podzol. Consequently, we designed an experimental system where small-scale vertical changes in soil properties and prokaryotic community structure could be followed after wood ash application. Wood ash application to soil leads to strong vertical gradients in physicochemical parameters. Application of wood ash to forests therefore counteracts soil acidification and recycle nutrients removed during harvest. Wood ash is alkaline and contains base-cations.
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